ALGORAND · L1 · QRI 47 · BAND 5 Prototyped Hybrid PASS · Stage 3 · Washing 1.4x

Algorand is the only chain on this list that has actually sent a post-quantum transaction on mainnet, using Falcon-1024 via LogicSig on 3 November 2025. The interesting part is how little it changed. Default accounts still sign with Ed25519 and consensus is unchanged, so the headline ships before the substance does.

inLinkedIn XPost ▼Scorecard JSON ⇆Compare Verified 2026-04-18

Summary

Algorand is the highest-executed PQC chain in batch: first mainnet PQC transaction executed November 3, 2025 using Falcon-1024 (NIST FN-DSA) via LogicSig accounts. 4-step roadmap to full consensus PQC by end-2026. Mosca cap (5a=0.5% PQC traffic) limits QRI ceiling to 60. Silvio Micali-founded Foundation drives deepest cryptographic sophistication among L1s.

What the gates say

Hybrid: PASS. Hybrid-PQ design present.
Evidence: PASS. Sources reconstructable by third party.
Primitive naming: PASS. Named primitives at every scored sub-level.

Burn-vs-rescue policy on file

undeclared (no formal statement; Foundation implicitly favors migration via rekey)

Seven dimensions

Each dimension scores 0-100 internally; the weighted roll-up produces the QRI on the left. Open a row to read the sub-score detail.

1 Cryptographic Exposure 72 / 100

1a_primitive_inventory 18 / 20

Complete inventory; explicit PQC primitive named.

Primitives: Ed25519 (default signatures + VRF) · Falcon-1024 / FN-DSA (LogicSig PQC accounts) · BLS12-381 (state proofs) · SHA-512/256

Evidence: algorand.co · algorand.co

1b_shor_grover_pq_tag 16 / 20

Evidence: algorand.co

1c_algorithm_family_diversity 12 / 20

One PQC family deployed (lattice via Falcon-1024). Monoculture risk: no hash-based fallback (e.g. SLH-DSA).

1d_nist_security_category 14 / 20

Evidence: csrc.nist.gov

1e_implementation_quality 12 / 20

Evidence: github.com

2 HNDL Exposure 35 / 100

2a_active_key_exposure 8 / 20

Default Ed25519 accounts expose pubkeys on first tx. 95%+ accounts on Ed25519 per v1.

2b_cold_key_exposure 10 / 20

81 months mainnet age; modest cold exposure. Foundation/Kiln ~40% concentration exposed.

2c_signature_longterm_validity 8 / 20

Historical Ed25519 sigs forgeable post-Shor. State proofs rely on BLS12-381.

2d_encryption_confidentiality 9 / 20

Standard TLS; no PQC KEM in node comms.

3 Metadata & Privacy Exposure 25 / 100

3a_tx_graph_visibility 5 / 20

Pseudonymous transparent ledger.

3b_rpc_mempool_concentration 6 / 20

Algonode, PureStake, Foundation RPC; moderate concentration.

3c_cross_chain_bridge_correlation 7 / 20

Wormhole + State Proofs bridging; linkable.

3d_retroactive_deanon_risk 7 / 20

VRF on Ed25519 curve — Shor breaks VRF proofs, leaking sortition history. Foundation identified this risk.

4 Migration Architecture 78 / 100

4a_crypto_agility 20 / 20

LogicSig enables PQC signature verification without hard fork. Smooth upgrade process documented.

4b_account_abstraction_key_rotation 18 / 20

Rekey primitive allows key-type rotation. LogicSig accounts effectively AA.

4c_hard_fork_track_record 20 / 20

81 months of smooth upgrades, no contested forks, xGov governance live.

4d_hybrid_deployment_readiness 20 / 20

Falcon LogicSig deployed alongside Ed25519 default — de facto hybrid. Architecturally hybrid is live.

5 Deployment Execution 35 / 100

5a_mainnet_pqc_pct 6 / 20

First mainnet PQC tx Nov 3 2025; Falcon LogicSig opt-in. <1% of tx volume. Stage 3 threshold met.

Evidence: algorand.co

5b_pqc_code_in_client 10 / 20

Falcon library in SDK but native consensus Falcon module not yet merged (2026 roadmap). Testnet code exists; mainnet LogicSig pathway live.

5c_validator_pqc_adoption 0 / 20

Consensus still Ed25519. No validator PQC keys.

5d_published_milestones_count 12 / 20

Four published milestones: (1) Falcon LogicSig (done Nov 2025), (2) native consensus module 2026, (3) Ledger firmware 2026, (4) on-chain quantum-safe toggle vote.

5e_pqc_washing_delta 7 / 20

Shipped Falcon LogicSig + SDK; announced full consensus migration for 2026 — moderate overhang.

6 Supply Chain Vendor Readiness 18 / 100

6a_wallet 5 / 20

Evidence: Ledger firmware for PQC keys 2026 roadmap (Algorand Foundation stated)

6b_bridge 3 / 20

6c_custodian 5 / 20

6d_rpc_hsm 5 / 20

7 Governance & Coordination 65 / 100

7a_validator_stake_distribution 12 / 20

Nakamoto coef 12; Foundation/Kiln ~40%.

7b_upgrade_cadence_under_pressure 18 / 20

Smooth protocol upgrades no contested forks. xGov on-chain grants active.

7c_named_coordination_lead 20 / 20

Algorand Foundation with named PQC team. Silvio Micali (cryptography) in leadership.

7d_adversarial_coordination_precedent 15 / 20

No direct adversarial precedent, but proactive PQC deployment ahead of threat is strong signal.

The X + Y vs Z inequality

X (data shelf life): 5-15 (Ed25519 default with rotation via rekey; Falcon for opt-in users)

Y (migration time): 5-8

Z10 (10% CRQC year): 2036 · Z50 (50%): 2041

Verdict: X+Y < Z (safe).

Four-scenario grid

Scenario	Value preserved	Privacy preserved
quantum never	100%	100%
arrives suddenly pre migration	25%	10%
arrives slowly post migration	95%	85%
arrives slowly mid migration	70%	50%

Peers in the L1 profile

Order-book view of the 9 chains closest to Algorand by QRI.

Public artifacts used for this scorecard

Each entry below is a sub-score citation. Clicking the link takes you to the public source. A third party should be able to reconstruct every number on this page from these URLs in 48 hours.

Cryptographic Exposure · 1a_primitive_inventory

Complete inventory; explicit PQC primitive named.

Cryptographic Exposure · 1b_shor_grover_pq_tag

https://algorand.co/technology/post-quantum

Cryptographic Exposure · 1d_nist_security_category

https://csrc.nist.gov/projects/pqc-dig-sig

Cryptographic Exposure · 1e_implementation_quality

https://github.com/algorandfoundation/falcon-signatures

Deployment Execution · 5a_mainnet_pqc_pct

First mainnet PQC tx Nov 3 2025; Falcon LogicSig opt-in. <1% of tx volume. Stage 3 threshold met.

https://algorand.co/blog/technical-brief-quantum-resistant-transactions-on-algorand-with-falcon-signatures

Supply Chain Vendor Readiness · 6a_wallet

Ledger firmware for PQC keys 2026 roadmap (Algorand Foundation stated)

Supply chain snapshot

wallet Pera Wallet · Defly · Ledger HW 1 PQC roadmaps

bridge Wormhole · State Proofs 0 PQC roadmaps

custodian Coinbase Custody · Anchorage · BitGo 0 PQC roadmaps

rpc_hsm Algonode · PureStake · Foundation RPC 0 PQC roadmaps

A chain's supply chain cannot migrate faster than its slowest dependency. Zero PQC roadmaps in any of the four categories is a structural blocker, not a lagging indicator.

Analyst notes on the scoring

Only chain in batch with mainnet PQC execution. Monoculture concern (lattice-only, no hash-based fallback). Consensus still Ed25519. QRI band 5 Prototyped reflects real deployment but limited adoption.

Scorecard metadata

Profile: L1
Scored: 2026-04-18 by layerqu-v2-scoring-agent-1
v1 reference: chainscreen-v1-archive
QRI raw: 47 · after caps: 47
Confidence interval: ±5
PQC washing ratio: 1.4x
Burn-vs-rescue: undeclared (no formal statement; Foundation implicitly favors migration via rekey)

Caps triggered

mosca_cap_60 (5a=6, sub_score under threshold)